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SELECT ...
UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...
[UNION [ALL | DISTINCT] SELECT ...]
UNION
is used to combine the result from multiple SELECT
statements into a single result set.
The column names from the first SELECT
statement are used as the column names for the results returned. Selected columns listed in corresponding positions of each SELECT
statement should have the same data type. (For example, the first column selected by the first statement should have the same type as the first column selected by the other statements.)
If the data types of corresponding SELECT
columns do not match, the types and lengths of the columns in the
UNION
result take into account the values retrieved by all of the SELECT
statements. For example, consider the following: mysql>SELECT REPEAT('a',1) UNION SELECT REPEAT('b',10);
+---------------+
| REPEAT('a',1) |
+---------------+
| a |
| bbbbbbbbbb |
+---------------+
(In some earlier versions of MySQL, only the type and length from the first SELECT
would have been used and the second row would have been truncated to a length of 1.)
The SELECT
statements are normal select statements, but with the following restrictions:
Only the last SELECT
statement can use INTO OUTFILE
. (However, the entire UNION
result is written to the file.)
HIGH_PRIORITY
cannot be used with SELECT
statements that are part of a UNION
. If you specify it for the first SELECT
, it has no effect. If you specify it for any subsequent SELECT
statements, a syntax error results.
The default behavior for UNION
is that duplicate rows are removed from the result. The optional DISTINCT
keyword has no effect other than the default because it also specifies duplicate-row removal. With the optional ALL
keyword, duplicate-row removal does not occur and the result includes all matching rows from all the SELECT
statements.
You can mix UNION ALL
and UNION DISTINCT
in the same query. Mixed UNION
types are treated such that a DISTINCT
union overrides any ALL
union to its left. A DISTINCT
union can be produced explicitly by using UNION DISTINCT
or implicitly by using UNION
with no following DISTINCT
or ALL
keyword.
To use an ORDER BY
or LIMIT
clause to sort or limit the entire UNION
result, parenthesize the individual SELECT
statements and place the ORDER BY
or LIMIT
after the last one. The following example uses both clauses:
(SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE a=10 AND B=1)
UNION
(SELECT a FROM t2 WHERE a=11 AND B=2)
ORDER BY a LIMIT 10;
This kind of ORDER BY
cannot use column references that include a table name (that is, names in tbl_name
.col_name
format). Instead, provide a column alias in the first SELECT
statement and refer to the alias in the ORDER BY
. (Alternatively, refer to the column in the ORDER BY
using its column position. However, use of column positions is deprecated.)
Also, if a column to be sorted is aliased, the ORDER BY
clause must refer to the alias, not the column name. The first of the following statements will work, but the second will fail with an Unknown column 'a' in 'order clause'
error:
(SELECT a AS b FROM t) UNION (SELECT ...) ORDER BY b;
(SELECT a AS b FROM t) UNION (SELECT ...) ORDER BY a;
To apply ORDER BY
or LIMIT
to an individual SELECT
, place the clause inside the parentheses that enclose the SELECT
:
(SELECT a FROM t1 WHERE a=10 AND B=1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
UNION
(SELECT a FROM t2 WHERE a=11 AND B=2 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10);
However, use of ORDER BY
for individual SELECT
statements implies nothing about the order in which the rows appear in the final result because UNION
by default produces an unordered set of rows. Therefore, the use of ORDER BY
in this context is typically in conjunction with LIMIT
, so that it is used to determine the subset of the selected rows to retrieve for the SELECT
, even though it does not necessarily affect the order of those rows in the final UNION
result. If ORDER BY
appears without LIMIT
in a SELECT
, it is optimized away because it will have no effect anyway.
To cause rows in a UNION
result to consist of the sets of rows retrieved by each SELECT
one after the other, select an additional column in each SELECT
to use as a sort column and add an ORDER BY
following the last SELECT
:
(SELECT 1 AS sort_col, col1a, col1b, ... FROM t1)
UNION
(SELECT 2, col2a, col2b, ... FROM t2) ORDER BY sort_col;
To additionally maintain sort order within individual SELECT
results, add a secondary column to the ORDER BY
clause:
(SELECT 1 AS sort_col, col1a, col1b, ... FROM t1)
UNION
(SELECT 2, col2a, col2b, ... FROM t2) ORDER BY sort_col, col1a;
Use of an additional column also enables you to determine which SELECT
each row comes from. Extra columns can provide other identifying information as well, such as a string that indicates a table name.
Minggu 27 April 2008, kita ngadain pelatihan "fundamental java". yang di bahas di sini masih terbatas pada fundamentalnya saja. Pokoknya g jauh-jauh dari C. Jelasin kayak tipe data, iterasi, asignment. Bahasa Java pun mirip-mirip sama C jadi pelatihan kali ini bisa dikata masih gampang lah (maksudnya, masih bisa ngikutin). Hari Minggu ini juga HIMALKOM lagi ngadain up grading ke Ci Bodas, sayang sekali mereka g bisa ikut. Bukan materinya sih yang disayangkan,
Pernah terpikirkan untuk menampilkan pesan pada jam tertentu (Time Message) pada blog kita? tentu saja ya, Ada kalanya ketika sedang tidak online kita ingin memberikan pesan kepada pengunjung mengenai keadaan kita saat ini misalkan, "maaf, saya jam 1 ada rapat jadi gak bisa online" atau "jangan lupa ya sekarang pukul 13.00 jadi acara kumpul blogger akan dimulai" atau sebagai alarm plus pesan pengingat berguna.
menghilangkan tanggal posting blogger, mau tau caranya? pertama masuk halaman Edit HTML kemudian cari h2.date-header { jika sudah ketemu tambahkan visibility: hidden; diantara kode tersebut. lihat contoh kodenya dibawah:
h2.date-header {
margin:.3em 0 0;
padding:0;
font-size:80%;
color:#777;
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visibility: hidden;
}
Selama mencoba, Happy Blogging :)
Dengan masuk dalam safe mode, Anda dapat memperbaiki komputer Anda yang terluka, baik karena virus atau karena aplikasi yang tidak benar. Bahkan bila ada kerusakan driver yang membuat Anda tidak dapat booting dengan benar dapat diperbaiki dalam safe mode.
“Lakukan dalam safe mode” kata-kata ini kerap muncul pada saat komputer terserang virus-virus kebal yang sulit dibasmi. Seakan-akan dalam safe mode virus akan kehilangan kekebalannya. Apa benar demikian?
SELECT * FROM class;
digunakan untuk menampilkan isi tabel class
SELECT COUNT(name) FROM CLASS;
digunakan untuk menghitung banyaknya baris dalam kolom name tabel class
SELECT COUNT(distinct name) FROM CLASS;
digunkan untuk menghitung banyaknya baris, jika ada data yang sama dalam sel yang berbeda, maka dihitung sebagai satu baris
SELECT AVG(age) FROM student;
digunakan untuk menghitung rata-rata data dari kolom age, tabel student
SELECT MIN(age), MAX(age) FROM student;
digunkan untuk menampilkan nilai terkecil dan terbesar dari kolom age, tabel student